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The Practical Aspects Of Japanese Printing Methods In The Olden Days
Japanese prints are, till this day, developed from etched wood blocks.
The method used to create Japanese prints can also be called "wood engraving" or "woodcut printing".
The unique four-step process:
The creation of Japanese woodblock prints involves the partnership of 4 different craftsmen / artists:
#1. That of the designer: during the time of traditional engraving, the designer would sketch a dark outline on white paper so as to give an illustration of the ultimate picture to the colour printer.
In the 20th century, the designer usually paints a watercolor picture. He then hands this to the engraver and printer. It is usually the identify of the designer that history of art recalls (eg. Utamaro, Hokusai, Hiroshige and so forth, these were all designers of Japanese Ukiyo-e prints).
#2. That of the carver: he carves, sculpts rather, blocks of wood, each block for a different color to be used in the eventual printing process.
#3. That of the printer: he paints the colors on the blocks and then pushes each block successively on to the unique Japanese paper. He creates the various colour gradients, which were especially virtuosic in the "Shin-hanga" prints. These gradients are called "Bokashi" in the Japanese language.
#4. The publisher: this is the "director". He discovers the talents necessary to produce these artworks; the designers, engravers, and printers. Then he puts them under contract and coordinates them in order to produce the engraved artwork. The publisher's identify is known to us only when the works are pieces of great cartoonists (eg. Tsutaya, publisher of Utamaro).
At the moment, the techniques of creating a hand crafted print remains as described above. But the 20th century observed the creation of a new approach, where the artist / designer creates his own prints. This approach is now called the "Sosaku-Hanga" (Creative Engraving).
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